IDENTIFIKASI KANDUNGAN LOGAM BERAT PADA TANAH MENGGUNAKAN BUNGA MATAHARI (Helianthus annuus L) SEBAGAI AGEN FITOREMEDIASI; literature review

Abstract

Heavy metal contamination in soil is an environmental problem that continues to

increase due to industrial activity, mining, the use of fertilizers and pesticides, and

poorly managed waste disposal. Heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd),

chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) are persistent, non-biodegradable, and

can accumulate in plant tissue and the human body through the food chain.

Phytoremediation, the use of plants to absorb, stabilize, or degrade contaminants in

soil, is considered an environmentally friendly and economical approach to address

this problem. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is known as one of the

hyperaccumulator plants that is effective in absorbing various heavy metals

through its roots and translocating them to the stem and leaves. This article was

compiled using a literature review method by examining various national and

international scientific journals discussing the mechanism of heavy metal

absorption by sunflower, factors affecting phytoremediation efficiency, and

methods for identifying heavy metal content in soil and plant tissue. The review

results show that Helianthus annuus has a high accumulation capacity for Pb and

Cd compared to other heavy metals, with translocation factors varying depending

on metal concentration, soil pH, and exposure duration. Identification of heavy

metal content is generally carried out through atomic absorption spectrophotometry

(AAS) or ICP-OES methods following the destruction of soil and plant tissue

samples. It is concluded that sunflower has great potential to be used as a biomonitor

and phytoextraction agent for heavy metals in contaminated land, although its

application requires further study regarding post-harvest biomass management to

avoid secondary contamination.